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小 发表于 2015-12-9 11:18 只看该作者
【地理】酷毙了的中国喀斯特石林：2亿7千年的古老自然奇观[33P]
Cool Karst at China’s Shilin Stone Forest: 270 Million Year Old Natural Wonder
用心想象一下，你的眼前有九万陆仟英亩的树林，它摇身一变，忽然形成了宏大的喀斯特岩溶 ，部分岩溶早在两亿七千年前就已经形成，这些岩溶就是中国的“石林”。自明朝（公元1368-1644）起，“石林”里的这些巧夺天工的岩石和地貌就一直为人们着迷。据中国旅游指南称，“石林”以“天下第一奇”为人称道。华南的喀斯特景观不仅仅是石林，还有很多大小不同的独特的地貌构成。
Imagine 96,000 acres of forest, then swap out the trees in your mind’s eye for huge karst formations, some of which formed at least 270 million years ago, and that “stone forest” is Shilin in China. Since the Ming Dynasty in 1368-1644 AD, the collections of intricate karst formations and landscapes at Shilin Stone Forest have “bewitched” people; the site became known as the ‘First Wonder of the World,’ according to the China Travel Guide. South China Karst is not one Stone Forest, but made up of many such individual landscapes of all sizes. In fact, UNESCO says South China Karst has “outstanding universal value” and named two smaller stone forests, Naigu Stone Forest and Suogeyi Village, both as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Here’s a look at Shilin Stone Forest in China.
用心想象一下，你的眼前有九万陆仟英亩的树林，它摇身一变，忽然形成了宏大的喀斯特岩溶 ，部分岩溶早在两亿七千年前就已经形成，这些岩溶就是中国的“石林”。自明朝（公元1368-1644）起，“石林”里的这些巧夺天工的岩石和地貌就一直为人们着迷。据中国旅游指南称，“石林”以“天下第一奇”为人称道。华南的喀斯特景观不仅仅是石林，还有很多大小不同的独特的地貌构成。事实上，联合国教科文组织称，华南喀斯特景观拥有“突出的普遍价值”，将两个小型的石林——乃古石林和所各邑村列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录。让我们好好享受中国石林带来的视觉盛宴吧！
It’s located about an hour away from Kunming. Shilin is dotted with 65 reservoirs and ponds.
石林距离昆明有一个小时的车程。65个水库和池塘星罗棋布在石林之中。
Stone Forest’s most famous attraction, Ashima rock. A legend that has been told for thousands of years says that “the forest is the birthplace of Ashima, a beautiful girl of the Yi people. After falling in love she was forbidden to marry her chosen suitor and instead turned into a stone in the forest that still bears her name.” Each year on June 24th, the locals celebrate the “Torch Festival, which features folk dances and wrestling competitions.”
石林最著名的景观——阿诗玛岩石。关于它流传着千年古老的传奇故事：“石林是彝族美丽姑娘阿诗玛的出生地。尽管陷入爱河，但她被禁止和自己的真命天子结为连理，于是化身为石林里的一块石头，她的名字依然和石头连在一起。”每年的6月24日，当地居民庆祝火把节，节日的习俗是民间舞蹈和摔跤比赛。”
Karst is made up of limestone and the landscape includes caves and sinkholes as underground streams erode the rock into fascinating formations that “look like petrified trees thereby creating the illusion of a forest made of stone.”
喀斯特地貌由石灰岩和石洞、岩坑的地貌构成，地下的伏流将岩石腐蚀成迷人的形状，“貌似是石化的树林，因而造成了由石头构成森林的错觉。”
The tall rocks cut by erosion are said to look like they’ve grown out of the ground similar to stalagmites. In Chinese, Shilin means Stone Forest.
高耸的石头风蚀成型，就像是破土而出的石笋。中文里，Shilin的意思就是石林。
“Split and eroded by wind and rain, the tallest reaches 98 feet (30 meters) high,” wrote Lonely Planet. “Legend has it that the immortals smashed a mountain into a labyrinth for lovers seeking privacy.”
“饱经风吹雨打，最高的岩石达到30米高。”“孤单星球”写到，“传说，神仙为了幽会的情侣而把石山打造成迷宫。”
Shilin Stone Forest is but a part of the South China Karst, a larger karst landscape located in the Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, and Yunnan.
石林仅仅是华南喀斯特景观的一部分，广袤的喀斯特地貌位于中国广西、贵州和云南省。
According to UNESCO, “South China is unrivaled for the diversity of its karst features and landscapes. The property includes specifically selected areas that are of outstanding universal value to protect and present the best examples of these karst features and landscapes. South China Karst is a coherent serial property comprising three clusters, Libo Karst and Shilin Karst, each with two components, and Wulong Karst with three components.”
据联合国教科文组织称，“中国华南的喀斯特地貌，其多样性举世无双。一些特定的区域在保护和呈现喀斯特地貌特征方面，具有突出的普遍价值。华南的喀斯特景观是由串联在一起的连续的地形构成的，包括3个石群，荔波喀斯特、石林喀斯特和武隆喀斯特。荔波喀斯特和石林喀斯特又可分为2个子类，武隆喀斯特可分为3个子类。
Stone Forest Pond waterway. You could get lost in the labyrinth as the karst forests have caves, peaks, ponds, waterfalls, and underground rivers.
石林池塘的水道。置身于喀斯特石林中，环绕在洞穴、山峰、池塘、瀑布和地下河流里，人很可能迷路。
7Wonders explains, “The rocks have memorable names such as Ten Thousand Year Mushroom (10m high), Mother and Son, Camel Riding on Elephant, Avalokitesvara Rock, Buddha Stone, Rhinoceros looking at the moon and beautiful maiden ascending from the water, etc.”
“7大奇迹”解释称，“很多石头有值得记忆的名称，例如万年蘑菇（10米高），母子石，骆驼骑大象，观音石，佛陀石，犀牛望月和少女出水。”
Sword peak pond in Shilin Stone Forest. In fact, the University of Houston geologic history states, “The locals seemed to have named nearly every eroded surface. The main scenic areas include the Major, Minor and Naigu Stone Forests, Zhiyun Cave, Jibailong Cave, Qifeng Cave, Lunar Lake, Long Lake, and Big Water Fall. The Major and Minor Stone Forests are considered to be outstanding examples of karst topography in the world. Situated in the upper part of the nearly pure limestone (primarily CaCO3) of the Permian Makou Formation, the rocks are extremely weirdly shaped, looking like animals or human beings. These scenic spots are given interesting names such as ‘birds feeding their young’, ‘phoenix preening itself’, ‘glossy ganoderma of eternity’ and so on, making visitors always give full-play to their imagination.”
石林中的剑锋水塘。其实，休斯顿大学地质史研究称：“当地人貌似命名了所有的风蚀的地表。主要的景区包括大石林、小石林和乃古石林，芝云洞，既白龙洞，奇风洞，月亮湖，长湖和大瀑布。大小石林被认为是世界喀斯特地貌的最杰出的代表。近乎纯Caco3构成的石灰岩构成了这些二叠纪马口岩石，岩石的上半部分形状诡异，似人似兽。这些景点都有有趣的名字，诸如“鸟儿哺幼”，“凤凰开羽”，“灵芝天华”等等，让游人浮想联翩。”
China Travel related “an old local saying says that ‘If you have visited Kunming without seeing the Stone Forest, you have wasted your time.’ Truly, the site is one of the most important attractions of Yunnan.”
中旅称：“当地有一句古话：“游玩来昆明，不看石林也枉然”。的确如此，石林是云南最重要的一处旅游胜地。”
One of the World’s Natural Wonders.
世界自然奇观之一。
Path and steps through Shilin Stone Forest.
石林的石道和石阶
The elephant in the Stone Forest.
石林中的“大象”
7Wonders goes into more detail with the legend: “Asham of the Sani (the Sani people are a branch of the Yi nationality) was bore into a poor family in today’s Yunan region. The girl was very clever and she began helping her father herd sheep at the age of 12. One day in the mountains she saved a boy named Ahei who had lost his way while picking wild fruit. Ahei, a 12-year-old orphan, had to toil for the landlord. Sympathizing with the poor boy, Ashma took him home. Ashma’s parents took pity on Ahei and fostered him. Ahei and Ashma grew up together and they fell in love with each other. They got married and lived a happy life. But Ashma was later abducted by the man, Azhi, the landlord’s son who was eager for the lady’s beauty. When Ahei-the husband learnt the event, he killed the landlord and his son and rescued his wife-Ashma. The lovers went into the stone forest and lived happily there ever after, giving birth to fine sons and daughters who are said to be the ancestors of the Sani people.”
传奇故事的细节如下：“桑尼族人（彝族的一个分支）阿莎玛出生于云南的一个贫苦人家。她聪明伶俐，12岁起就帮助父亲牧羊。一天，在山里，她解救了一个采摘野果而迷路的少年阿黑，阿黑12岁，当时是个给地主做苦工的孤儿。阿莎玛出于对这个可怜的小伙子的同情，就把他带回了家。阿莎玛的父母怜悯阿黑，将其抚养长大。阿黑和阿莎玛两人一块长大，坠入爱河，结为连理，生活幸福。然而，后来，地主的儿子垂涎阿莎玛的美色，将其掳走。当阿黑——阿莎玛的丈夫获知这点后，杀死了地主和地主的儿子，解救了妻子。这对爱人后来便隐居石林，自此幸福地生活在一起，还生下了活泼可爱的儿女，而这些儿女被认为是桑尼族人的祖先。“
The Naigu Stone Forest has a weathered black surface. The local language, Sani, call it “Naigu” meaning “black”. Both Naigu Stone Forest and Suogeyi Village are part of the South China Karst and are UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
乃古石林的黑色外表饱经风霜。用当地的桑尼话来讲，“乃古”就是“黑色”的意思。乃古石林和所各邑村都是华南喀斯特景观的一部分，被联合国教科文组织列为世界遗产。
This presentation says “the Stone Forest covers 140 square miles and is split into 7 parts.”…The climate among “the thousands and thousands of rugged stone peaks, pitch-black caves, and towering arches” is often “very warm, averaging around 65 degress Fahrenheit,” but “drops under 40 degrees at night.”
这幅景象表明“石林占地140平方英里，分为7个区”。这片“聚集着成千上万崎岖不平的石峰、漆黑一片的洞穴、高高耸立的拱桥”的地区的气候总是“温暖如春，平均温度在65华氏度左右”，但“夜晚降温到40华氏度以下”。
The University of Houston’s Dr. John Butler wrote, “Dissolution lakes of enchanting and picturesque scenery, the Lunar Lake and Long Lake for example, are widespread in the Lunan region. The Big Waterfall is situated in the southeast of Lunan County and 19 km away from the downtown area. It flows swiftly over the 90 m fall and is the most spectacular waterfall in Yunnan Province. The Lunan caverns — Zhiyun Cave, Jibailong Cave among others — make up another fascinating world. The Shima Dragon Palace, which resembles a fairyland dragon palace, is concealed underground at depths of 100m or more. In particular , a magical scenery named ‘dragons groaning and tigers roaring’ in Qifeng Cave is a natural creation and a true masterpiece of geological agents.”
休斯顿大学的约翰*巴特勒博士写到：“溶解性的湖泊风景如画，让人着迷。例如，月亮湖和长湖在路南地区广为流传。大瀑布位于路南东南部，离市中心19公里。大瀑布从90米高处倾泻而下，是云南省瀑布奇观之最。路南洞穴——芝云洞、既白龙洞等等，构成了另一个引人入胜的世界。石马龙宫，如同仙境里的龙宫，位于水下100多米深处。特别的是，奇风洞里一处名为‘龙吟虎啸’的魔幻景观为纯天然形成，堪称真正的地质神作！”
caves and occupying a total area of about three square kilometers (720 acres). Strange Wind Cave, composed of Penfeng Cave, Hongxi Spring and an underground river. From August to November, gales lasting two to three minutes sweep out of the cave every 30 minutes. Long Lake is a karsts lake that is three kilometers (two miles) long but only 300 meters (zero point two miles) wide. The lake features underwater stalagmites and stalactites and a small island in the center of the water. The source of the Dadie Waterfall, Ba River, is a branch of Nanpan River. In the rainy season, up to 150 cubic meters (196 cubic yards) of water per square inch plummet down the 88 meter (288 feet) drop.”
中旅指南称，“芝云洞地下的石林，分布在不同的洞穴里，占地总面积达到3平方公里（720英亩）。奇风洞由喷风洞、虹吸泉和一条地下河组成。从8月到11月，每半小时里总有2-3分钟，洞里狂风大作。长湖是一条喀斯特湖，长约3公里（2英里）但宽只有300米（0.2英里）。湖水以湖底的石笋、钟乳石和湖中央的一块小岛为突出特色。大跌瀑布和白河的源头是南畔河的一条支流。在雨季，每一平方英寸的面积上有多达150立方米（196立方码）的降水从88米（288英尺）高处垂直落下。”
Walkway between the main portion of the Stone Forest in Yunnan.
云南石林主区间的通道。
Walkway through the sharp karst.
尖耸的喀斯特内的通道。
View from within the karst forest.
从喀斯特石林内部观看。
Howard Hillman wrote of these fascinating rock forest formations, “How the Stone Forest originated: Some 200 million years ago an ancient seabed covered with limestone sediment rose to become land. Then, wind and rain slowly eroded the limestone, leaving behind the bizarre rock pillars we see today. Some are nearly as tall as ten story buildings. The rock formations resemble people, animals, plants, and whatever else your imagination may identify.”
关于这些迷人的石林，霍华德*希尔曼这样写道：“石林是这样形成的：2亿年前，古老的长满了石灰岩沉积物的河床浮上来，成为陆地。接着，风雨渐渐侵蚀着这些石灰岩，导致我们如今看到的各种奇形怪状的石柱。有的石柱近10层楼高。石头想人、动物、植物，只要你能想象出来的东西，没有石林不相像的。”
Hillman also advised, “To enjoy the Stone Forest at its serene best, go either early in the day or late in the afternoon. You’ll avoid the crowded paths and loud talking guides. As a bonus, the lower angles of the sun make the rock pillars more striking to the eye and camera.”
希尔曼又建议：“为了好好品味石林极致的安详之美，尽量在早上或者傍晚去。这样会避开道路上拥挤的人群和大声说话的导游们。作为奖励，太阳光的低角度照射使得石柱在眼中和相机里更震人心魄。”
China.org wrote, that the “natural karst stone formations resemble a forest; some are elegant, some are rugged and each has distinguishing characteristics that make each seem lifelike.”
China.org写到：“天然的喀斯特石群就像树林一样，有的像大象，有的崎岖不平。每一块石头都别具一格，栩栩如生。”
Having visited the site, David Learns Chinese warns that there is no sign, at least in English, letting you know that if you step out of the Stone Forest entrance, then you can’t get back in without paying again. Out the front entrance is where you can find drinks, so pack one.
游览了该景点，“大卫学中文”提醒：“没有标示，或至少没有英文标示通知你已经迈出了石林的入口区，然后你就没办法了，只能再一次付钱才能进去。入口外正对面可以买到饮料，买一瓶吧。”
Shilin Stone Forest consists of 1,000s of stone pillars from 15 and 100ft high.
石林由1000个石柱组成，高度从15到100英尺不等。
David Learns Chinese related, “We’d gone to Naigu Shilin, the Black Stone Forest, part of a complex in Lunan Yi [an ethnic minority] Autonomous County. The entire area could be thought of as a giant Chinese garden. The contorted, sharp-edged limestone pinnacles stretch up 20, 50, 100 feet. If you have a feel for rock this is a great place. And so nice to breathe in the fresh high-elevation air, and hear the sharp cry of hawks and other birds.”
“大卫学中文”说到：“我们去过乃古石林，黑石林，它们都是路南彝族自治县的一部分。整个地区都堪称一个巨大的中国花园。扭曲而尖耸的石灰岩顶峰垂直伸展20、50甚至100英尺。如果你喜欢岩石，那这里是个好去处。在高处吹新鲜的风，听老鹰和其他鸟的尖叫，感觉真的不错。”
China Journeys explained that karst is “a German term for the region in Slovenia where the process was first investigate.” Also “you can be sure that all domestic visitors will visit the rock of A-Shi-Ma where they will hear the legend. Supposedly, Ashima was a beautiful maiden of the Sani People (a sub-group of the Yi) who was kidnapped by an evil landlord’s son. Her true love came to save her but she then drowned on the way home, turning into this rock with just a slight resemblance to a girl carrying a bamboo basket.”
中国旅游说到，喀斯特是一个“德国名词，最初用来形容斯洛文尼亚的一处此类的地区。”同样，“你能确定的是，所有国内的游客都会参观阿诗玛石，听它的传说。很可能的是，阿诗玛是一个美丽的桑尼少女，她被邪恶的地主之子绑架，她的真爱来救她，但阿诗玛在回家的路上溺水身亡，变成了这块有点像提着竹篮的少女的石头。”
UNESCO states, the South China Karst region “represents one of the world’s most spectacular examples of humid tropical to subtropical karst landscapes. The stone forests of Shilin are considered superlative natural phenomena and a world reference with a wider range of pinnacle shapes than other karst landscapes with pinnacles, and a higher diversity of shapes and changing colours. The cone and tower karsts of Libo, also considered the world reference site for these types of karst, form a distinctive and beautiful landscape. Wulong Karst has been inscribed for its giant dolines (sinkholes), natural bridges and caves.”
联合国教科文组织称，华南喀斯特地区是“全球湿热带到副热带地区喀斯特地貌的最壮观的实例之一。石林被看做是最好的自然现象，是世界级的喀斯特地貌的参照。与其他尖峰林立、多种多样、色彩缤纷的喀斯特地貌相比，石林的尖峰形状更奇，种类更多。锥状和塔状的荔波喀斯特，同样被看做是世界级的此类喀斯特的参照景点，构成了独一无二，美轮美奂的地貌。武隆喀斯特凭借其巨大的落水洞、天然桥梁和洞穴为人们铭记于心。”
Sunshine, or the lack thereof, is supposed to make the rocks appear various colors.
阳光无论充足还是匮乏，都会使得岩石呈现不同的颜色。
More advise on how to best see Shilin, which is just one of the many stone forests. “A road runs around the central area and it is well worth walking beyond this as few visitors ever do. A good trail runs from A lady yearning for her husband around to the Ten thousand year old glossy ganodernma (for which, read mushroom-shaped rock) and back to the road via a very tight squeeze. This may not have the pick of the peaks but is quiet and a great place to have your picnic, if dry. (Food options in the park are limited and it is best to bring your own.)”
更多关于最佳游览Shilin（仅仅是许多石林之一）的攻略。“一条路绕中心地带而行，很值得在其上行走，因为少有游客如此做。好的游览路线：‘从女子盼夫’周围出发，到万年灵芝天华（此处参见蘑菇状的岩石），再回到原路，结束紧而又紧的行程。这也许不能精心观赏山峰，但是个安静绝佳的野餐地点，在干燥的情况下。（景区内可供选择的食物有限，最好带上自己的食物）”
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